Table 1 Self-assembled coatings used for stents.
Method | Advantage | Assembling Approach | Material of Stent | Drugs | Surface Coating Material | Thickness | RMS Roughness | Function and Application | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Coating | After Coating | |||||||||
Direct coating based on physical adsorption and crystallization | Easy to fabrication, no carrier required | Adhesion | Co-Cr alloy | Paclitaxel | Paclitaxel | NA | 19.6 ± 7.3 nm | 16.2 ± 5.8 nm | Anti-proliferation | |
Crystallization | SS | RM | RM | 0.5-20 μm | NA | NA | Anti-proliferation | |||
Crystallization | Co-Cr alloy | RM | RM | 3.3-5.2 μm | NA | NA | Anti-proliferation | |||
Self-assembled monolayers | Non-polymeric carrier, suitable for a variety of metal stents, nano-sized coating thickness | Au/thiol SAMs | Au | Heparin | Cystamine | NA | 2.231 nm | 1.129 nm | Anti-proliferation | |
Au/thiol and Ti/phosphonic acid SAMs | Au and Ti | Flufenamic acid | 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol and (11-Hydroxylundecyl)phosphonic acid | NA | 0.56 ± 0.19 nm of Au and 0.30 ± 0.04 nm of Ti | 0.63 ± 0.09 nm of SAM-Au and 0.28 ± 0.05 nm of SAM-Ti | Biphasic drug releasing | |||
The tethering by aggregation and growth method | SS | NA | Amphiphilic macromolecules | 2.8-3.4 nm | NA | NA | Anti-proliferation without toxic | |||
Layer-by-layer self-assembled monolayers | Preserve the functionality of biomolecules, controllable coating thickness, good biocompatibility | Alternating deposition | Ti | NA | Heparin and Collagen | 1370 ± 100 nm | 77 ± 10 nm | 42.5 ± 12 nm | Anti-thrombotic, cytocompatibility | |
Stepwise deposition | PLA | NA | Hyaluronic acid and hCOLIII | NA | 0.82 nm | 88.11 nm | Thromboprotective, blood compatibility | |||
LbL technology | Co-Cr alloy | Paclitaxel | Heparin and PLL | 3 μm | 1.23 nm | 5.62 nm | Controlled paclitaxel loading | |||
Self-assembled coating based on dopamine | Universal applicability, adhesion stability, good biocompatibility | Self polymerization | Ti and SS | Cu-MOFs | Dopamine | NA | NA | NA | NO-generating | |
Copolymerization | SS | NA | Selenocystamine and Dopamine | 9.1-16.1 nm | 3.4 ± 0.2 nm | 10.1 ± 1.5 nm | NO-generating | |||
Electropolymerization | SS | VEGF | Dopamine | NA | NA | NA | Pro-endothelialization | |||
