Table 4 LIB waste treatment approaches and associated unstandardized costs.

From: Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure

Processing approach

Action per unit of reference

Cost (USD)

Ref.

Refurbishing/repurposing

Selling price/kWh

35–108

36,133

Mechanical processing (Pretreatment)

Processing/t EoL LiBs

1447

134

Direct recycling

Selling price/t rLiCM

12,000

135

Pyrometallurgy (Indirect recycling)

Cost/t LiBs

 

136

Direct

26–1851

Multi-step

696–2421

Hydrometallurgy (Indirect recycling)

Cost/tBM

270–8430

137

  1. References: tonne EoL LIBs (t EoL LIBs), tonne BM (tBM), and tonne relithiated cathode material (t rLiCM).
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