Fig. 1
General characterization of resistance effects. The figure plots coefficients from fixed-effect estimation methodology along with the 95% confidence intervals, for a 1 s.d. increase in usage. See Supplementary Fig. S8 for a plot using coefficients from all three estimation methodologies. The effect on resistance is normalized to zero in the year prior to usage. Two years prior to usage, the resistance effect is not statistically different from zero, suggesting no pre-trend. The coefficients of interest for different empirical specifications are reported in Table 1
