Fig. 2

Reported mechanisms of action for antimicrobial peptides derived from histones. Among these are direct methods involving interaction and disruption of the membrane through pore formation and release of cellular content. The translocation mechanism targeting intracellular entities, as reported for buforin II, is also noteworthy. Similarly, neutralization and aggregation of toxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (TLA) are mentioned as anti-endotoxin mechanisms. Finally, the immunomodulatory functions are highlighted, often responsible for activating the inflammation cascade, which has been associated with adverse effects in various human tissues. “Created with BioRender.com”