Table 1 Participant information for overweight/obese participants, weight status classification and DLW details for included articles
Author. Year (Country) | Total n (overweight and obese n) | Age (years) (mean ± S.D.) of overweight/obese participants | Gender (%) of overweight/obese participants | Weight status classification method | DLW details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bandini et al. 1990 (USA) [21] | 55 (27 obese) | 14.7 ± 2.0 | Male 52%,Female 48% | Obesity was classified as weight ≥ 120% of IBW determined from measurements of TBW | • 0.25 g of H2 18O and 0.1 g of 2H2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
Bandini et al. 1999 (USA) [22] (considered as a subset of the above article as the data are from the same study) | 43 (21 obese) | 14.7 ± 1.9 | Male 48%,Female 52% | As above | As above |
Börnhorst et al. 2014 (Belgium, Spain and Sweden) [23] | 36 (5 overweight, 4 obese) | NR (all participants: 6.7 ± 1.4) | Male 11%,Female 89% | IOTF age- and sex-specific BMI limits [32] | •Dosed per kg of BW to increase background levels of oxygen-18 with 250–300 ppm and deuterium with 125–150 ppm• Four urine samples across 9 days• BW collected baseline only |
Champagne et al. 1998 (USA) [24] | 118 (30 central fat, 29 obese) | 10.4 ± 0.13 (central fat)10.2 ± 0.13 (obese) | NR (all participants: Male 51%, Female 49%) | • Central fat: those in the highest quartile for SS to TS ratio• Obese: those in the highest quartile for the sum of SS and TS• Lean: those in the lowest quartile for the sum of SS and TS• Peripherally fat: those in the lowest quartile for SS to TS ratio• Centrally obese and obese children had a higher BMI than lean and peripherally obese children (p < 0.05)• Values for BMI (mean ± S.D.) for peripherally fat children were not classified as overweight or obese according to the CDC growth charts [33] | • 0.25 g of H2 18O and 0.14 g of 2H2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 9 days• BW collected baseline only |
Singh et al. 2009 (USA) [25] | 34 (28 overweight, 4 “at risk” of overweight, 2 healthy weight (classified overweight at screening) | 13.7 ± 0.7 (Boys)13.4 ± 0.8 (Girls) | Male 41%,Female 59% | Defined overweight as a BMI > 95th%ile, “at risk” of overweight as BMI between the 85th and 95th%ile, and healthy body weight as < 85th%ile (type of growth charts not detailed) | •1.8 g of 10% H2 18O and 0.14 g of 99.9% D2O per kg of TBW• Four urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post-study |
Vasquez et al. 2006 (Chile) [26] | 24 (24 obese) | 4.3 ± 0.5 (Boys)4.2 ± 0.7 (Girls) | Male 50%,Female 50% | Classified obesity as being 2 S.D.’s above the median of the NCHS Z-score weight for height indicator [34] | • 1.5 g of 10% H2 18O and 0.2 g of 99.9% 2H2O per kg of body weight• Four urine samples across 7 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
Waling and Larsson. 2009 (Sweden) [27] | 21 (16 overweight and 5 obese) | NR (all participants 10.5 ± 1.1) | Male 48%,Female 52% | IOTF age- and sex-specific BMI limits [32] | • 0.12 g of 2H and 0.25 g of 18O per kg of estimated TBW• Six urine samples across 14 days• BW collected pre- and post study |
