Table 1 Serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct levels by sociodemographic and health characteristics of pregnant Nepalese women enrolled in the AflaCohort Studya.

From: Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in pregnant women consuming a rice-dominated diet in Nepal

 

n

n %

Mean AFB1

SD

Geo mean AFB1

95% CI

Highest AFB1 quintileb

 
       

n

%

Age category

     

**

  

<20

347

21.1

4.4

11.2

1.6

1.4–1.9

77

22.2

21–24

627

38.1

3.3

7.6

1.4

1.3–1.5

117

18.7

25–29

470

28.5

2.4

4.4

1.2

1.1–1.4

93

19.8

30–34

135

8.2

3.0

12.9

1.2

1.0–1.4

26

19.3

35+

69

4.2

2.2

2.6

1.3

1.0–1.6

16

23.2

Schooling

None

606

36.8

2.5

5.1

1.3

1.2–1.4

121

19.9

Some primary (1–5)

321

19.5

3.1

5.6

1.0

1.3–1.6

68

21.2

Some secondary (6–10)

577

35.0

4.2

12.0

1.4

1.3–1.6

117

20.3

More than secondary (10+)

144

8.7

2.6

5.1

1.3

1.1–1.5

23

16.0

Wealth Index Quintile

Poorest

328

19.9

3.5

9.3

1.4

1.3–1.6

73

22.3

Poor

331

20.1

2.8

6.4

1.2

1.1–1.4

60

18.1

Middle

329

20.0

2.7

6.4

1.3

1.1–1.4

55

16.7

Rich

328

19.9

4.0

9.4

1.5

1.4–1.8

80

24.4

Richest

332

20.2

3.1

9.3

1.4

1.2–1.5

61

18.4

Religion

Hindu

1258

76.3

3.2

8.5

1.3

1.3–1.4

244

19.4

Buddhist

5

0.3

3.4

5.3

1.2

0.0–9.3

1

20.0

Muslim

362

22.0

3.1

7.2

1.4

1.2–1.6

78

21.6

Christian

23

1.4

5.4

11.2

1.8

1.0–3.2

6

26.1

Ethnicity

Brahmin

77

4.7

3.5

9.1

1.5

1.2–2.0

21

27.7

Chettri

299

18.1

3.7

9.2

1.4

1.3–1.6

59

19.7

Tharu

168

10.2

2.6

7.1

1.0

0.8–1.2

27

16.1

Muslim

359

21.8

3.0

7.1

1.4

1.3–1.6

76

21.2

Dalit

380

23.1

2.9

8.6

1.3

1.2–1.5

73

19.2

Other

365

22.2

3.5

8.5

1.5

1.4–1.7

73

20.0

Anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL)c

No

976

59.3

3.5

9.4

1.4

1.3–1.5

207

21.2

Yes

670

40.7

2.7

6.4

1.3

1.2–1.4

121

18.1

Maternal stature

Short/average (>145 cm)

1422

86.4

3.2

8.3

1.4

1.3–1.4

284

20.0

Very short (≤145 cm)

224

13.6

3.2

8.3

1.5

1.3–1.7

45

20.1

MUACd

Average (>23 cm)

1099

66.7

3.2

8.5

1.4

1.3–1.4

216

19.7

Low (≤23 cm)

549

33.3

3.3

7.9

1.4

1.3–1.5

113

20.6

Minimum Dietary Diversitye

No

1003

60.9

3.0

7.3

1.3

1.2–1.4

200

19.9

Yes

645

39.1

3.6

9.6

1.4

1.3–1.6

129

20.0

Season of measurement

     

***

  

Spring

514

31.2

2.2

5.1

1.2

1.1–1.3

73

14.2

Summer

391

23.7

1.3

2.8

0.8

0.8–0.9

31

7.9

Rainy/Monsoon

32

1.9

1.2

1.3

0.8

0.6–1.1

2

6.3

Autumn

0

0

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Prewinter

238

14.4

6.6

14.1

2.6

2.2–3.1

92

38.7

Winter

473

28.7

4.2

9.6

1.8

1.6–2.0

131

27.7

  1. Geo geometric, MDD-W minimum dietary diversity score for women, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference
  2. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  3. aNumbers do not always add up due to missing responses
  4. bHighest quintile > 2.9 pg/mg. AFB1 values were log-transformed before analysis
  5. cMean hemoglobin of 11.2 ± 1.2 g/dL
  6. dMean MUAC of 24.1 ± 2.5 cm
  7. eFood and Agriculture Organization minimum dietary diversity defined as consuming ≥5 of the ten food groups in the previous 24 h, mean dietary diversity score of 4.2 ± 1.5
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