Table 2 Characteristics of categories of serum 25(OH)D concentration and risk of T1DM.

From: A dose–response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Author, year

Cat. of vitamin D, nmol/L

Number (case/control)

Risk of T1DM

Assay method of 25(OH)D

Matched or adjustment variables

Duration of T1DM

   

OR

95% CI

   

Bener [21]

<75

154/145

1

(reference)

RIA

Age, gender, and ethnicity of case

NA

 

75–200

16/25

0.6

(0.31, 1.17)

   

Borkar [35]

<50

29/16

1

(reference)

HPLC

Age, gender

The cases were diagnosed within 1 week.

 

50–75

14/22

0.35

(0.14, 0.87)

   
 

>75

7/12

0.32

(0.11, 0.98)

   

Hamed [22]

<50

19/0

1

(reference)

CPBA

Age, pubertal stage, and physical activity

The duration of T1DM was 2.67 ± 3.52 years.

 

>50

17/15

0.03

(0, 0.52)

   

Gorham [33]

<43

52/15

1

(reference)

CLIA

The date that the blood sample was drawn, age, length of military service, gender, and whether the control was on active duty when the case was diagnosed

NA

 

43–59

50/20

0.72

(0.33, 1.56)

   
 

60–77

33/26

0.37

(0.17, 0.79)

   
 

78–99

34/32

0.31

(0.14, 0.65)

   
 

≥100

933/805

0.33

(0.19, 0.6)

   

Ghandchi [23]

<28

51/50

1

(reference)

HPLC

Siblings at the same age

The duration of T1DM for anti-GAD-Ab+ cases was 3.1 ± 2.4 years while for anti-GAD-Ab- cases was 6.6 ± 4.8 years.

 

28–50

6/4

1.47

(0.39, 5.53)

   
 

≥50

3/6

0.49

(0.12, 2.07)

   

Munger [34]

31–77

47/50

1

(reference)

CLIA

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, dates of serum collection, and branch of military service

NA

 

77–89

30/62

0.52

(0.28, 0.93)

   
 

89–101

29/66

0.47

(0.26, 0.84)

   
 

101–114

19/66

0.31

(0.16, 0.59)

   
 

114–211

29/64

0.48

(0.27, 0.87)

   

Franchi [26]

≤50

39/86

1

(reference)

CLIA

Age, gender, and season of hospitalization

All cases were newly diagnosed.

 

51–74

14/44

0.7

(0.35, 1.43)

   
 

≥75

5/36

0.31

(0.11, 0.84)

   

Azab [24]

<50

44/12

1

(reference)

ELISA

Age and gender

The median (min–max) of duration of T1DM was 17(3–52) months.

 

>50

36/28

0.35

(0.16, 0.79)

   

Abd-Allah [25]

<38

84/36

1

(reference)

ELISA

Age, gender, and ethnic origin

NA

 

38–50

6/18

0.41

(0.05, 0.39)

   
 

>50

30/66

0.2

(0.11, 0.35)

   

Cadario [27]

<5

36/103

1

(reference)

LC-MS

Birthday, place of birth, and ethnic group

The age at diagnosis was 4.2 ± 3.4 years old.

 

≥5

31/133

0.67

(0.39, 1.15)

   

Jacobsen [28]a,b

0–12

NA

1

(reference)

LC-MS

NA

The age of onset was 10.2(7.5,12.5) for 912 cases and 10.5(5.1,11.5) for 7 cases in cohort.

 

12–20

NA

1.13

(0.80, 1.58)

   
 

20–28

NA

1.16

(0.90, 1.50)

   
 

28–41

NA

1.01

(0.72, 1.42)

   
 

41–130

NA

1.13

(0.81, 1.57)

   

Jacobsen [28]b

0–11

NA

1

(reference)

LC-MS

Date and season of birth

The age of onset was 8.5(5.0,11.4).

 

11–17

NA

1.66

(0.69, 3.99)

   
 

17–25

NA

1.61

(0.84, 3.09)

   
 

25–36

NA

1.32

(0.56, 3.12)

   
 

36–118

NA

1.32

(0.55, 3.18)

   

Rasoul [29]

<53

182/158

1

(reference)

ELISA

Age, gender, and ethnicity

The onset age of T1DM was <4 years in 20% patients, 4–6 years in 28% patients and >6 years in 52% patients.

 

53–73

31/29

0.93

(0.54, 1.61)

   
 

>73

3/11

0.24

(0.07, 0.86)

   

Bae [30]

<50

41/136

1

(reference)

RIA

Age, gender, and body mass index

4.6 ± 4.0 years for 25(OH)D < 48nmol/L; 5.4 ± 3.4 for 25(OH)D 48–72nmol/L; 2.4 ± 2.4 for 25(OH)D ≥72 nmol/L

 

50–75

30/206

0.48

(0.29, 0.81)

   
 

≥75

14/176

0.26

(0.14, 0.50)

   

Liu [32]

<30

39/17

1

(reference)

ELISA

Age, gender, and ethnicity

106 cases were diagnosed not longer than 30 days, while 190 cases were diagnosed longer than 30 days.

 

30–50

108/73

0.65

(0.34, 1.23)

   
 

>50

149/205

0.32

(0.17, 0.58)

   

Federico [31]

≤50

41/20

1

(reference)

HPLC

Age, gender

The age at the clinical onset of T1DM was 9.4 ± 3.9 years (range 2.1–1.8).

 

50–75

21/36

0.28

(0.13, 0.61)

   
 

75–250

20/61

0.16

(0.08, 0.33)

   
  1. Duration of T1DM was presented as mean ± standard deviation.
  2. T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Cat. categories, OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidential interval, NA not available, RIA radioimmunoassay, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LC-MS liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography, CLIA chemiluminescence immunoassay, CPBA competitive binding protein assay, NOS Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, BMI body mass index, NA not available, N number, SDS standard deviation score.
  3. aWe used hazard ratios to present the risk of T1DM.
  4. bThe duration of T1DM was presented as median (interquartile range).
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