Table 2 Adjustments in peripheral tissue in pregnant women; mod. according to [91] and [92].
From: Impact of physical activity on course and outcome of pregnancy from pre- to postnatal
White fat tissue | Skeletal muscle | Liver | Possible consequences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal pregnancy | ↓Insulin sensitivity ↑Expansion ↑Leptin ↓Adiponectin ↑Triglycerides ↑Lipolysis ↑IL-6 | ↑Oxidative stress ↑Lipid oxidation ↓Insulin sensitivity ↑Endoplasmic reticulum stress | ↑Gluconeogenesis ↑Lipid oxidation ↓Insulin sensitivity | —Mild insulin resistance |
Obesity/GDM | ↑Inflammatory cytokines ↑Macrophage infiltration ↑↑Lipolysis ↓↓Insulin sensitivity ↑↑IL-6 | ↓↓Insulin sensitivity ↓Calcium signalisation ↑Endoplasmic reticulum stress ↑Oxidative stress ↓Antioxidant capacity/defence ↓Lipid oxidation | ↓↓Insulin sensitivity ↑ Fat accumulation | —Hyperglycaemia —Severe insulin resistance —Hyperlipidaemia —Leptin resistance |
