Table 1 Cognitive domain classification under each intervention type.
Cognitive domain | Intervention type | Study | Cognitive task entered into meta-analysis | Unit of test scores | Results of the chosen taska |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Memory | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | Visual verbal learning test-Immediate recall | accuracy/% | No changes |
cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Delayed free recall | correct numbers | No changes | |
blueberry powder | Miller, et al., [48] (US) | CVLT list A 1 free recall | correct numbers | No changes | |
Executive function | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | RVIP correct | correct responses | No changes |
cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Digit symbol | raw score | No changes | |
blueberry powder | Boespflug et al., [46] (US) | 2-Back task | arc | No changes | |
blueberry juice | Bowtell et al., [45] (UK) | 2-Back task | arc | No changes | |
cherry juice | Chai, S. C., et al., [41] (US) | Digit span | score | No changes | |
Kent, et al., [50] (Australia) | Digit span backwards task (short-term memory) | score | Final score between groups (P = 0.02) | ||
Aronia melanocarpa extract powder | Ahles et al., [49] (Netherlands) | The number cross-out task | Correct responses | No changes | |
Psychomotor speed | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | RVIP reaction time | ms | No changes |
cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Trial making task reaction time | total time | No changes | |
frozen blueberry | Schrager, et al., [47] (US) | Simple reaction time | ms | No changes | |
blueberry powder | Boespflug et al., [46] (US) | 2-Back task reaction time ms | ms | No changes | |
cherry juice | Kent, et al., [50] (Australia) | Trail making task reaction time | ms | No changes | |
Chai. S. C., et al., [41] (US) | RTI reaction time | ms | No changes | ||
MMSE | grape powder | Calapai, et al., [51] (Italy) | MMSE | score | Change score between groups (P < 0.01) |
Lee, et al., [52] (US) | MMSE | score | No changes |
