Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study populationa.
Total population n = 54,496 | Total flavonoid intake quintiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 n = 10,900 | Q2 n = 10,899 | Q3 n = 10,899 | Q4 n = 10,899 | Q5 n = 10,899 | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Total flavonoid intake (mg/d)c | 496.53 (288–807) | 174 (6–252) | 322 (252–396) | 497 (396–603) | 728 (603–912) | 1205 (912–3552) |
Sex (male) | 25,477 (46.8) | 6202 (56.9) | 5498 (50.4) | 5100 (46.8) | 4755 (43.6) | 3922 (36.0) |
Age (years) | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56.00 [52–60] | 56.00 [52–60] | 56.00 [52–60] | 55.00 [52–60] |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 [23.2–28.2] | 26.1 [23.7–28.8] | 25.8 [23.6–28.4] | 25.5 [23.3–28.2] | 25.3 [23.1–27.8] | 24.8 [22.7–27.3] |
MET score | 56.50 [37.0–84.5] | 51.0 [32.5–78.0] | 55.5 [36.3–84.0] | 57.3 [38.4–84.9] | 58.3 [38.5–87.0] | 60.0 [40.0–88.5] |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 19,423 (35.6) | 2723 (25.0) | 3705 (34.0) | 3955 (36.3) | 4375 (40.1) | 4665 (42.8) |
Former | 15,515 (28.5) | 2590 (23.8) | 2912 (26.7) | 3117 (28.6) | 3470 (31.8) | 3426 (31.4) |
Current | 19,558 (35.9) | 5587 (51.3) | 4282 (39.3) | 3827 (35.1) | 3054 (28.0) | 2808 (25.8) |
Education | ||||||
≤7 years | 17,707 (32.5) | 4941 (45.3) | 4099 (37.6) | 3442 (31.6) | 2902 (26.6) | 2323 (21.3) |
8–10 years | 25,228 (46.3) | 4780 (43.9) | 5155 (47.3) | 5237 (48.1) | 5177 (47.5) | 4879 (44.8) |
≥11 years | 11,536 (21.2) | 1174 (10.8) | 1642 (15.1) | 2216 (20.3) | 2814 (25.8) | 3690 (33.9) |
Mean household incomeb | ||||||
≤394,700 DKK/year | 13,408 (24.6) | 3216 (29.5) | 2655 (24.4) | 2611 (24.0) | 2494 (22.9) | 2432 (22.3) |
394,701–570,930 DKK/year | 13,539 (24.8) | 3158 (29.0) | 2905 (26.7) | 2624 (24.1) | 2509 (23.0) | 2343 (21.5) |
570,931–758,297 DKK/year | 13,709 (25.2) | 2851 (26.2) | 2964 (27.2) | 2821 (25.9) | 2557 (23.5) | 2516 (23.1) |
>758,297 DKK/year | 13,840 (25.4) | 1675 (15.4) | 2375 (21.8) | 2843 (26.1) | 3339 (30.6) | 3608 (33.1) |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertensive | 8580 (15.7) | 1685 (15.5) | 1765 (16.2) | 1736 (15.9) | 1709 (15.7) | 1685 (15.5) |
Hypercholesterolemic | 3585 (6.6) | 744 (6.8) | 720 (6.6) | 742 (6.8) | 734 (6.7) | 645 (5.9) |
Diabetes | 1068 (2.0) | 258 (2.4) | 200 (1.8) | 225 (2.1) | 186 (1.7) | 199 (1.8) |
Peripheral artery disease | 404 (0.7) | 139 (1.3) | 91 (0.8) | 66 (0.6) | 48 (0.4) | 60 (0.6) |
Ischemic stroke | 673 (1.2) | 178 (1.6) | 137 (1.3) | 128 (1.2) | 112 (1.0) | 118 (1.1) |
Atrial fibrillation | 226 (0.4) | 43 (0.4) | 44 (0.4) | 50 (0.5) | 39 (0.4) | 50 (0.5) |
COPD | 778 (1.4) | 199 (1.8) | 168 (1.5) | 142 (1.3) | 144 (1.3) | 125 (1.1) |
CKD | 188 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 31 (0.3) | 42 (0.4) | 40 (0.4) | 40 (0.4) |
Medication use | ||||||
Insulin treated | 347 (0.6) | 73 (0.7) | 61 (0.6) | 78 (0.7) | 69 (0.6) | 66 (0.6) |
Antihypertensive medication use | 6427 (11.8) | 1247 (11.4) | 1344 (12.3) | 1300 (11.9) | 1266 (11.6) | 1270 (11.7) |
Statin use | 702 (1.3) | 153 (1.4) | 152 (1.4) | 145 (1.3) | 136 (1.2) | 116 (1.1) |
HRT | ||||||
Never | 15,785 (29.0) | 2592 (23.8) | 3009 (27.6) | 3228 (29.6) | 3241 (29.7) | 3715 (34.1) |
Current | 8714 (16.0) | 1288 (11.8) | 1551 (14.2) | 1676 (15.4) | 1973 (18.1) | 2226 (20.4) |
Former | 4489 (8.2) | 809 (7.4) | 837 (7.7) | 888 (8.1) | 924 (8.5) | 1031 (9.5) |
NSAID | 17,484 (32.3) | 3386 (31.3) | 3397 (31.4) | 3502 (32.3) | 3509 (32.3) | 3690 (34.1) |
Aspirin use | 6704 (12.3) | 1292 (11.9) | 1297 (11.9) | 1352 (12.4) | 1324 (12.1) | 1439 (13.2) |
Dietary characteristics | ||||||
Energy (kj) | 9493 [7853–11,363] | 8603 [7030–10,396] | 9245 [7702–10,995] | 9740 [8127–11,583] | 9927 [8319 –11,815] | 9919 [8255–11,875] |
Saturated FA (g/d) | 31 [24–39] | 29 [23–37] | 31 [24–39] | 32 [25–40] | 32 [25–41] | 32 [24–41] |
Polyunsaturated FA (g/d) | 13 [10–17] | 12 [9–16] | 13 [10–17] | 14 [10–18] | 14 [11–18] | 14 [10–18] |
Monounsaturated FA (g/d) | 27 [21–35] | 26 [20–34] | 27 [21–35] | 28 [22–35] | 28 [22–35] | 27 [21–34] |
Total fish intake (g/d) | 38 [25–55] | 33 [22–48] | 38 [25–54] | 40 [27–57] | 41 [28–59] | 40 [27–56] |
Red meat intake (g/d) | 78 [56–107] | 80 [57–108] | 81 [59–109] | 80 [58–110] | 78 [56–107] | 72 [52–99] |
Processed meat intake (g/d) | 24 [14–40] | 28.3 [17–45] | 26 [15–42] | 25 [14–40] | 23 [14–38] | 20 [11–34] |
Whole-grain product intake (g/d) | 128 [87–175] | 116 [72–165] | 123 [84–171] | 126 [86–173] | 135 [97–181] | 144 [103–192] |
Processed grain intake (g/d) | 46 [29–72] | 45 [27–80] | 46 [29–73] | 47 [30–72] | 46 [30–70] | 45 [29–68] |
Fruit intake (g/d) | 172 [95–281] | 88 [44–141] | 162 [98–238] | 193 [114–301] | 224 [140–360] | 240 [141–389] |
Apples and pears (g/d) | 54 [10–98] | 10 [4–54] | 54 [10–98] | 54 [18–125] | 54 [18–125] | 54 [18–125] |
Orange (g/d) | 14 [3–43] | 8 [2–14] | 8 [3–43] | 14 [8–43] | 14 [8–43] | 14 [8–43] |
Vegetable intake (g/d) | 162 [105–231] | 114 [72–170] | 150 [100–212] | 168 [114–235] | 185 [127–254] | 196 [135–272] |
Chocolate (g/d) | 4 [2–7] | 2 [1–4] | 4 [2–7] | 4 [2–7] | 4 [2–7] | 4 [2–21] |
Alcohol intake (g/d) | 13 [6–31] | 11 [3–23] | 13 [6–25] | 15 [6–33] | 14 [7–32] | 13 [6–32] |
Wine (ml/d) | 54 [10–98] | 18 [10–54] | 54 [10–98] | 54 [10–125] | 54 [18–125] | 54 [18–125] |
Black tea (ml/d) | 86 [3–500] | 3 [0–16] | 16 [3–86] | 86 [7–200] | 500 [157–500] | 900 [500–1300] |
