Table 2 Frequency of clinical findings in patients with a dominant KCNH1, KCNN3, or KCNK4 variant.

From: Syndromic disorders caused by gain-of-function variants in KCNH1, KCNK4, and KCNN3—a subgroup of K+ channelopathies

Gene

KCNH1

KCNN3

KCNK4

Total number of patients

27a

6b

3c

Neurodevelopment

 Mild-moderate DD

3/20

15%

4/4

100%

1/3

33%

 Severe DD

18/21

86%

0/4

0%

2/3

66%

 Mild-moderate ID

1/23

4%

3/3

100%

1/3

33%

 Severe ID

22/23

96%

0/2

0%

2/3

66%

 Hypotonia

25/27

96%

4/6

67%

2/3

66%

 Seizures/epilepsy

24/27

89%

0/5

0%

2/3

66%

Skeletal abnormalities

 Hypoplastic terminal phalanges of some or all fingers and/or toes

13/17

76%

6/6

100%

ND

ND

 Broad thumbs and/or toes

11/24

46%

1/6

17%

ND

ND

 Proximal placement and long thumb

14/18

78%

1/6

17%

ND

ND

 Long great toes

15/24

63%

2/6

33%

ND

ND

Nails

 Absence or hypoplasia of thumb nail

16/27

59%

5/6

83%

0/3

0%

 Absence or hypoplasia of great toe nail

24/27

89%

6/6

100%

0/3

0%

 Absence or hypoplasia of other fingers and/or toe nails

16/20

80%

6/6

100%

0/3

0%

Other findings

 Gingival enlargement

15/19

79%

4/6

67%

3/3

100%

 Hypertrichosis

3/16

19%

3/6

50%

3/3

100%

  1. DD developmental delay, ID intellectual disability, ND no data.
  2. aThis study and Simons et al. [15], Kortüm et al. [14], Bramswig et al. [18], Fukai et al. [17], Megarbane et al. [16], Mastrangelo et al. [19].
  3. bThis study and Bauer et al. [23].
  4. cBauer et al. [21].