Table 1 Participant characteristics per ethnic group.

From: Validity of European-centric cardiometabolic polygenic scores in multi-ancestry populations

 

White European [1]

South Asian [2]

African Caribbean [3]

[1] vs [2]

[1] vs [3]

[2] vs [3]

 

n

Count (%) or Mean ± sd

n

Count (%) or Mean ± sd

n

Count (%) or Mean ± sd

p-value*

p-value**

p-value***

Polygenic scores

 T1DM

457611

0.05 ± 1.13

7644

−0.10 ± 1.03

7621

−0.01 ± 1.11

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 T2DM

457611

−0.15 ± 1.00

7644

0.04 ± 1.02

7621

0.04 ± 1.13

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.588

 HbA1c

457611

0.09 ± 1.07

7644

0.06 ± 1.02

7621

0.00 ± 1.10

0.009

<0.0001

0.001

 BMI

457611

−0.21 ± 1.02

7644

0.04 ± 1.03

7621

−0.03 ± 1.06

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Hypertension

457611

−0.04 ± 0.99

7644

−0.16 ± 1.03

7621

−0.19 ± 1.06

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.167

 CVD

457611

−0.11 ± 1.01

7644

0.11 ± 1.05

7621

−0.13 ± 1.14

<0.0001

0.112

<0.0001

 CAD

457611

−0.17 ± 0.99

7644

0.06 ± 1.07

7621

−0.19 ± 1.15

<0.0001

0.146

<0.0001

 Stroke

457611

−0.02 ± 0.97

7644

−0.02 ± 1.02

7621

−0.22 ± 1.10

0.650

<0.0001

<0.0001

 HDL

457611

0.01 ± 1.06

7644

0.10 ± 1.02

7621

−0.01 ± 1.04

<0.0001

0.092

<0.0001

 LDL

457611

−0.07 ± 1.05

7644

0.11 ± 1.02

7621

−0.04 ± 1.13

<0.0001

0.0002

<0.0001

Outcomes

 T1DM, yes (%)

472036

1697 (0.36%)

8052

35 (0.43%)

8048

26 (0.32%)

0.307

0.654

0.306

 T2DM, yes (%)

472036

20494 (4.34%)

8052

1346 (16.72%)

8048

850 (10.56%)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 HbA1c, mmol/mol

441777

35.99 ± 6.45

7300

40.83 ± 10.57

6268

39.43 ± 10.10

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 BMI, kg/m2

469759

27.40 ± 4.78

7814

27.29 ± 4.47

7897

29.53 ± 5.38

0.027

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Hypertension, yes (%)

472036

305,714 (64.76%)

8052

5493 (68.22%)

7048

5824 (72.59%)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 CVD, yes (%)

471959

32,539 (6.89%)

8051

851 (10.12%)

8047

431 (5.36%)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 CAD, yes (%)

472036

21,278 (4.51%)

8052

599 (7.44%)

8048

260 (3.23%)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Stroke, yes (%)

471217

7259 (1.54%)

7908

132 (1.67%)

7968

126 (1.58%)

0.382

0.804

0.708

 HDL, mmol/l

404554

1.41 ± 0.52

6748

1.20 ± 0.41

6745

1.39 ± 0.51

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 LDL, mmol/l

441161

3.57 ± 0.92

7397

3.33 ± 0.9

7276

3.26 ± 0.88

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Total cholesterol, mmol/l

441872

5.71 ± 1.18

7410

5.29 ± 1.15

7292

5.24 ± 1.13

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.005

 TTG, mmol/l

441633

1.76 ± 1.04

7404

1.97 ± 1.18

7290

1.28 ± 0.75

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Covariates

 Age, years

472036

56.76 ± 8.03

8052

53.4 ± 8.45

8048

51.94 ± 7.08

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Sex, male (%)

472036

214,955 (45.54%)

8052

4304 (53.45%)

8048

3402 (42.27%)

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 SEP, Townsend deprivation index

472036

−1.45 ± 3.01

8043

0.24 ± 3.12

8028

2.64 ± 3.45

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

  1. Continuous variables are presented in their corresponding units, whilst binary variables are presented as yes counts (percentages of yes counts). Of note, PGSs are unitless. Only the standard PGSs are shown here. The enhanced PGSs are presented in Supplementary Table S1.
  2. BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoproteins, LDL low-density lipoproteins, PGS polygenic score, SEP socio-economic position, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, TTG total triglycerides.
  3. All p-values were derived using t-test for continuous variables and Chi-squared test for categorical ones. Significant p-values are highlighted in bold.
  4. *White Europeans were compared with South Asians.
  5. **White Europeans were compared with African Caribbeans.
  6. ***South Asians were compared with African Caribbeans.
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