Fig. 1

Associations between participants’ characteristics and any, disease-related, and non-disease related self-reported genetic testing (based on n = 45,061 participants of the 45 and Up Study followed up in 2020 who were included in the analysis). aOR: Odds ratio (OR)s adjusted for all characteristics shown here, alongside 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. Horizontal bars represent 95% confidence intervals; DVA: Department of Veterans’ Affairs. * Associations significant at p < 0.001 (Bonferroni-corrected threshold accounting for multiple testing). The reference category for both personal and family history of diseases was defined within each disease, i.e. estimates relate to participants with a specific disease compared to those without that specific disease, or to participants with family history of a specific disease to those without family history of that specific disease.