Table 4 Summary of the outcomes of placement techniques applied in the included studies.

Salem et al., 2022³⁶

Modified US Public

Health Service

–

(Total = 16)

–

(Total = 18)

Endo Hoshino et al., 2022³⁴

Modified US Public

Health Service

Retention (n = 5)

Marginal integrity (n = 1)

Secondary caries (n = 1)

(Total = 37)

Filtek Bulk Fill Flow + Filtek Z350XT

Retention (n = 4)

Marginal integrity (n = 2)

Marginal discolouration (n = 2)

Secondary caries (n = 1)

(Total = 35)

SureFil SDR + TPH3

Retention (n = 3)

Marginal integrity (n = 1)

Marginal discolouration (n = 1)

Secondary caries (n = 2)

(Total = 34)

Sekundo et al., 2022³⁷

Modified FDI World Dental Federation (esthetic, functional and biological properties)

(Biological)

Recurrent caries (n = 1)

(Functional)

Tooth fracture (n = 1)

Restoration fracture (n = 1)

Retention (n = 2)

(Total = 49)

(Biological)

Recurrent caries (n = 1)

(Functional)

Tooth fracture (n = 1)

Restoration fracture (n = 1)

(Total = 48)

Hardan et al., 2021⁶

FDI World Dental Federation (esthetic, functional and biological properties)

(Biological)

Sensitivity (n = 4)

(Esthetic)

Marginal Discoloration (n = 4)

(Functional)

Marginal Adaptation (n = 1)

(Total = 30)

(Biological)

Sensitivity (n = 2)

(Esthetic)

Marginal Discoloration (n = 2)

(Total = 30)

Durão et al., 2021³²

Modified US Public

Health Service

FDI World Dental Federation (esthetic, functional and biological properties)

–

(Total = 36)

(Biological)

Postoperative sensitivity (n = 2)

Tetric EvoCeram bulk-fill-

Marginal adaptation (n = 1),

Recurrent caries (n = 1)

(Total = 36)

Filtek Bulk Fill- 0

(Total = 36)

Tetric EvoCeram bulk-fill-

(Biological)

Recurrent caries (n = 1)

Balkaya & Arslan, 2020³⁸

Modified US Public

Health Service

–

(Total = 32)

–

(Total = 31)

Frascino et al., 2020³³

Modified US Public

Health Service

–

(Total = 53)

-

(Total = 53 in each group)

Al-Sheikh, 2019³⁵

Modified US Public

Health Service

Retention (n = 1)

(Total = 37)

Retention (n = 2)

(Total = 37)

Heck et al., 2018³⁹

Modified US Public

Health Service

Secondary caries (n = 2) [FDI tooth no.16, 37],

Marginal integrity (n = 1) [FDI tooth no.16],

Tooth fracture (n = 1) [FDI tooth no. 26]

(Total = 30)

Secondary caries (n = 2) [FDI tooth no. 27, 36],

Postoperative sensitivity (n = 1) [FDI tooth no.36],

Restoration fracture (n = 1) [FDI tooth no.36],

Tooth fracture (n = 1) [FDI tooth no.36]

(Total = 26)

Atabek et al., 2017⁴⁰

Modified US Public

Health Service

–

(Total = 30)

–

(Total = 30)

Bayraktar et al., 2017⁴¹

Modified US Public

Health Service

Secondary caries (n = 1)

(Total = 43)

Tetric EvoCeram bulk fill-

Secondary caries (n = 2),

Marginal integrity (n = 1),

Anatomic form (n = 1)

Filtek bulk fill flowable + Filtek P60 –

Retention (n = 1),

Postoperative sensitivity (n = 1),

Secondary caries (n = 2),

Marginal adaptation (n = 2),

Anatomic form (n = 2)

Sonic Fill- 0

(Total = 43 in each group)

Colak et al., 2017⁴²

Modified US Public

Health Service

Marginal discoloration (n = 1)

(Total = 35)

–

(Total = 35)

Karaman et al., 2017⁴³

Modified US Public

Health Service

–

(Total = 33)

–

(Total = 33)

Van Dijken & Pallesen, 2017⁴⁴

Modified US Public

Health Service

Fracture of resin composite (n = 2),

Tooth fracture (n = 1)

(Total = 49)

Fracture of resin composite (n = 2),

Secondary caries (n = 1)

(Total = 49)

Yazici et al., 2017⁴⁵

Modified US Public

Health Service

-

(Total = 40)

–

(Total = 41)

Alkurdi & Abboud, 2016⁴⁶

Modified US Public

Health Service

Marginal discoloration (n = 1)

(Total = 19)

Sonic fill- 0

(Total = 20)

Tetric N-Ceram bulk fill-

Postoperative sensitivity (n = 2),

Marginal discoloration (n = 2)

(Total = 19)

Van Dijken & Pallesen, 2016⁴⁷

Modified US Public

Health Service

Secondary caries (n = 1),

Caries and tooth fracture (n = 1),

Tooth fracture (n = 2),

Fracture of resin composite (n = 2)

(Total = 91)

Secondary caries (n = 1),

Caries and tooth fracture (n = 1),

Tooth fracture (n = 2)

(Total = 92)

Manhart et al., 2010⁴⁸

Modified US Public

Health Service

Tooth fracture (n = 1) [FDI tooth no. 26]

(Total = 46)

Postoperative Sensitivity (n = 1) [FDI tooth no. 36],

Tooth fracture (n = 2) [FDI tooth no. 36, 47],

Fracture of resin composite (n = 1)

[FDI tooth no.36]

(Total = 37)

Failures (n = 41)

(Total restorations = 706)

Failures (n = 59)

(Total restorations = 922)