Fig. 3

Change in composite pain intensity at 3 months for participants prescribed hydrocodone, tramadol, or codeine at baseline. Represents the change in composite pain intensity from baseline to 3 months for participants with complete follow-up. These data represent 51 CYP2D6-guided and 19 usual care participants with the IM/PM phenotype and 81 CYP2D6-guided and 76 usual care participants with the NM phenotype. Covariates adjusted for in the analysis can be found in Table S6. IM intermediate metabolizer, NM normal metabolizer, PM poor metabolizer.