Fig. 2

Spatial autocorrelation for observed a, e and simulated b–d, f–h data between female (pink) and male (blue) dyads calculated in GenAlEx. Observed estimates were compared between recent a and historic e populations. Within the simulated data sets, model factors included low (2 bears km−2; b, f), medium (12 bears km−2; c, g), and high (25 bears km−2; d, h) density; female philopatry b–d and no philopatry f–h; and low (circles and light colors) and high (triangles and dark colors) genetic diversity