Fig. 3: Loss of fitness below the ancestral levels in the away environments.

In each case, the loss in relative fitness was computed as the difference between the descendant population’s relative fitness and the ancestor’s relative fitness. L and S represent large and small populations, respectively. The solid lines in the box plots mark the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, while the whiskers mark the 10th and 90th percentiles; the dashed lines represent means (N = 6). The dotted line represents no loss from the ancestral fitness levels. See the text for details.