Table 1 Alternative cytoplasmic inheritance mechanisms observed in plant, fungal, and animal mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Inheritance pattern | Cytoplasmic element | Representative taxa | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Paternal leakage | Mitochondria | Mouse | (Gyllensten et al. 1991) |
Paternal leakage | Chloroplasts | Brassicaceae | (Schneider et al. 2015) |
Paternal inheritance | Mitochondria | Cucumis sativus (cucumber) | (Havey 1997) |
Paternal inheritance | Chloroplasts | Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) | (Neale and Sederoff 1989) |
Maternal leakage | Chloroplasts | Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) | (Cato and Richardson 1996) |
Divergent heteroplasmy | Mitochondria | Sphenodon punctatus (tuatara) | (Macey et al. 2021) |
Biparental inheritance | Mitochondria | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast) | (Birky et al. 1978) |
Biparental inheritance | Chloroplasts | Oenothera | (Chiu et al. 1988) |
Doubly-uniparental inheritance | Mitochondria | Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) | (Skibinski et al. 1994) |
