Table 1 Possible transitions in sex determination and sex chromosomes in poplars and willows.

From: The male-heterogametic sex determination system on chromosome 15 of Salix triandra and Salix arbutifolia reveals ancestral male heterogamety and subsequent turnover events in the genus Salix

Genus

Species

Male or female heterogamety

Chromosome carrying the sex-determining locus

Estimated size of the sex-linked regions (kb)

Possible transitionsa

ARR17-like gene (intact, I or partial, P)

References

Populus

P. euphratica

male

14

84–530 (X), 620–658 (Y)

19 XY to 14 XY or maintained 14 XY (1)

Ten P on chr14Y (in the S-LR); One I on chr19

Yang et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2022

 

P. pruinosa

male

14

unknown

19 XY to 14 XY or maintained 14 XY (1)

One I and two P on genome (specific region is unkown)

Müller et al. 2020

 

P. qiongdaoensis

female

19

~1710(W), ~1280(Z)

14 XY or 19 XY to 19 ZW?

Two I on chr19W (in S-LR); Two P on chr19W (not in S-LR)

Li et al. 2022; Renner and Müller 2021;

 

P. adenopoda

female

19

unknown

14 XY or 19 XY to 19 ZW (2)

unknown

Renner and Müller 2021

 

P. alba

female

19

~140 (W), 33 (Z)

14 XY or 19 XY to 19 ZW (2) to 19 ZW (3)

Three I on chr19W (in S-LR)

Li et al. 2022; Müller et al. 2020; Paolucci et al. 2010

 

P. tremula

male

19

~1000 (Y)

19 ZW to 19 XY (4)

One I on each of chr19X and chr19Y (not in S-LR); Three P on chr19Y (in S-LR)

Li et al. 2022; Renner and Müller 2021; Yang et al. 2021

 

P. tremuloides

male

19

2000 (Y)

19 ZW to 19 XY?

unknown

Kersten et al. 2014; Pakull et al. 2009; Renner and Müller 2021; Wang et al. 2022

 

P. nigra

male

19

unknown

14 XY to 19 XY or maintained 19 XY (1)

unknown

Gaudet et al. 2008;

 

P. deltoides

male

19

~300(X, Y)

14 XY to 19 XY or maintained 19 XY (1)

One I on each of chr19X and 19Y (not in S-LR); Eight P on Y-LR

Xue et al. 2020

 

P. balsamifera

male

19

~100(Y)

14 XY to 19 XY or maintained 19 XY (1)

unknown

Geraldes et al. 2015; McKown et al. 2017

 

P. × sibirica

male

19

unknown

14 XY to 19 XY or maintained 19 XY (1)

Two I on each of chr19X and chr19Y; Two P on chr19Y

Melnikova et al. 2021

 

P. trichocarpa

male

19

~100 (Y)

14 XY to 19 XY or maintained 19 XY (1)

One I on each of chr19X an 19Y (not in S-LR); Two P on Y-LR

Geraldes et al. 2015; Li et al. 2022; McKown et al. 2017;

 

P. trichocarpa

female

19

~1000 (W)

 

unknown

Yin et al. 2008

Salix

Salix clade

      
 

S. dunnii

male

7

3205 (X)

15 XY to 7 XY (1) or maintained 7 XY

Copies on chromosomes 1, 3, 8, 13 and 19

He et al. 2021a

 

S. chaenomeloides

male

7

~2600(X), ~2500(Y)

15 XY to 7 XY (1) or maintained 7 XY

Nine P on chr7Y (in S-LR); Two I on chr19

Wang et al. 2022

 

S. nigra

male

7

2000

15 XY to 7 XY (1) or maintained 7 XY

unknown

Sanderson et al. 2021

 

Vetrix clade

      
 

S. triandra

male

15

~2800

7 XY to 15 XY (1) or maintained 15 XY

unknown

this study

 

S. triandra

female

15

~6500

 

unknown

Li et al. 2020

 

S. arbutifolia

male

15

~3330; ~2390(X), ~1800(Y)

7 XY to 15 XY (1) or maintained 15 XY

Nine P on chr15Y (in S-LR); Two I on chr19

this study; Wang et al.2022

 

S. purpurea

female

15

6700 (W), 4400 (Z)

15 XY to 15 ZW (2)

Four I on chr15W (in S-LR); Nine P on chr15Z (in S-LR); Two I on chr19

Wang et al. 2022; Zhou et al. 2020;

 

S. suchowensis

female

15

unknown

15 XY to 15 ZW (2)

unknown

Hou et al. 2015

 

S. viminalis

female

15

3100–3400 (W, Z)

15 XY to 15 ZW (2)

One I in W-LR

Almeida et al. 2020

 

S. polyclona

female

15

46800

15 XY to 15 ZW (2)

unknown

He et al. 2022

  1. aNumbers in parentheses indicate the turnover events for willows in Fig. 4, and for poplars that summarized from literatures. The “?” indicates that turnover event was uncertain.
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