Table 1 Overview of the effects of In(3R)P on fitness components.

From: Multiple forms of balancing selection maintain inversion polymorphism

Phenotypic trait

Direction of effect

Degree of dominance (h) of INV

Putative fitness effect of INV or polymorphism

Dominance changes between sexes

Egg hatchability (25 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.03)

+

NA

Viability (18 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.12)

+

NA

Viability (25 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.07)

+

NA

Developmental rate (F; 25 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.01)

+

NA

Developmental rate (M; 25 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.02)

+

NA

Pupal survival (18 °C)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.02)

+

NA

Dry weight (F)

STD > HET > INV

partially recessive (h = 0.31)

-

NA

Wing area (F)

STD > HET = INV

dominant for small size (h = 1)

-

NA

Wing area (M)

STD > HET > INV

partially dominant (h = 0.56)

-

NA

Femur length (F)

STD = HET > INV

recessive (h = 0)

-

sex-dependent dominance reversal

Femur length (M)

STD > HET = INV

dominant for small size (h = 1)

-

Total fertility (over 30 days)

STD = HET; STD = INV; HET > INV

?

?

NA

Age-specific fertility (age 21–30 days)

STD = HET > INV

recessive (h = 0)

-

NA

Daily per-capita fecundity

(age 20–22 days) (25 °C)

STD = HET > INV

recessive (h = 0)

-

NA

Daily per-capita fecundity

(age 20–22 days) (18 °C)

STD = HET; STD > INV; HET = INV

partially recessive (h = 0.4)

-

NA

Starvation resistance (F)

STD > HET > INV

additive (h = 0.5)

-

NA

Starvation resistance (M)

STD = HET; STD > INV; HET = INV

?

-

NA

Desiccation survival (F)

STD = HET > INV

recessive (h = 0)

-

sex-dependent change of dominance

Desiccation survival (M)

HET > STD = INV

overdominant (h = 1.20)

+

Lifespan (F)

STD = HET > INV

recessive (h = 0)

-

NA

Lifespan (M)

STD > INV; STD = HET; INV = HET

recessive (h = 0)

-

NA

  1. For each trait the table gives the directionality of the phenotypic effect with regard to the three karyotypes, the degree of dominance with respect to the INV arrangement (with significant cases of overdominance highlighted in boldface; also see Table 2); the potential fitness effect of the INV arrangement or the polymorphism; and changes in the degree of dominance between temperatures or sexes.
  2. Symbols: ‘+’ refers to putatively positive fitness effects; ‘-‘ denotes potentially negative effects.; ‘?’ means ‘not be determinable from the data’. For further details see the main text and Table S1. The results for hatchability at 18 °C (Fig. 1B), pupal survival at 25 °C (see Supplementary Information Fig. S1), and for male dry weight (see Table S1) are not given here as there were no significant differences among the karyotypes for these traits (see Table S1 for details). F female, M male, INV INV/INV inverted homokaryotype, STD STD/STD non-inverted, ‘standard’ homokaryotype, HET STD/INV and INV/STD heterokaryotype, h dominance coefficient, NA not applicable (i.e., does not apply, or could not be observed, e.g., because the trait was only measured in one sex or at a single temperature).
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