Fig. 3: The delivery efficiency of foliar application of pDNA-LDH into plant cells.

Cells of onion epidermis and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were observed under a confocal microscope, with bright field (BF), YOYO florescence, DAPI stain and merged images shown for samples at 72 h after treatment with YOYO–pDNA–LDH and YOYO–pDNA. YOYO–pDNA–LDH: pDNA loaded on LDH nanosheets and labeled with YOYO, YOYO–pDNA: pDNA labeled with YOYO