Fig. 3: Nitrate deficiency positively regulates MdGRF11 expression.

a Protein sequence alignment of MdGRF11 and its orthologous protein AtGRF9. The red line represents the scope of the conserved 14-3-3 domain. b qRT-PCR analysis of the relative MdGRF11 expression level in response to nitrate deficiency. Four-week-old apple plantlets were treated with 5 mM KCl or 5 mM KNO3 for 3 days. The 18s gene was used as an internal reference. c GUS staining images of ProMdGRF11::GUS transgenic calli treated with 5 mM KCl or 5 mM KNO3 for 12 h. d Quantitative analysis of GUS activity in c. In b, d, the error bars indicate the SDs of three independent experiments. The asterisks indicate significant differences (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01) based on Student’s t test