Fig. 3: Population analysis of M. charantia.

a The neighbor-joining tree of 166 M. charantia samples. b Model-based clustering analysis with cluster numbers of two to five. c Principal component analysis of M. charantia from different regions. d Decay of LD measured by r2 in the four geographic groups. e Whole-genome screening of domestication regions in the populations of CHN30, SA30, and SEA30. SA South Asia, SEA Southeast Asia, CHN China, TZ Tanzania. The horizontal red dashed lines indicate the threshold defining the top 5% of π values (above the lines) and XP-CLR scores (below the lines)