Fig. 1: PvAVH53 requires nuclear localization to trigger cell death but PvAVH54804 does not.

a Transient expression of PvAVH53 with a nuclear export signal (PvAVH53^NES) or nuclear localization signal (NLS) deletion (PvAVH53^ΔNLS) cotransformed with an NLS-mCherry marker in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts, showing that both mutants of PvAVH53 failed to stabilize nuclear localization. b Transient expression of the PvAVH53 mutants in N. benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration showed that PvAVH53 mutants failed to trigger cell death. c Transient expression of PvAVH54804 with a nuclear export signal (NES) or nuclear localization signal (NLS) cotransformed with an NLS-mCherry marker in N. benthamiana protoplasts. d Transient expression of the PvAVH54804 mutants in N. benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration showed that PvAVH54804^NLS failed to trigger cell death. Photos were captured at 6 d post infiltration. Ion leakage from the infiltrated leaf discs was measured as a percentage of leakage from boiled discs to quantify cell death. Scale bar = 5–10 μm. The data are the means ± SEs based on three independent replicates (Student’s t-test, P < 0.01)