Fig. 3: Analysis of lignin-biosynthesis-related genes.

a Anatomical specimens of xylem from M. polymorpha (Mpo) and M. sativa (Msa). b Copy numbers of genes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in M. polymorpha, M. truncatulam, M. sativa and G. max. PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4CL 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, C3H p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, HCT hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, CCR cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, C4H cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, CAD cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CCoAOMT caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, COMT caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, F5H ferulate 5-hydroxylase, LAC laccase. c Phylogenetic relationships of all laccases from A. thaliana, M. polymorpha, M. truncatula, M. sativa, and G. max. The laccase sequences from A. thaliana, G. max, M. sativa, M. truncatula, and M. polymorpha were aligned by Clustal X, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using IQ-TREE by the maximum likelihood method. The displayed bootstrap values are based on 1000 replicates. The laccase family members were classified into six groups, which are denoted by differently colored branches. d Distribution of laccases along M. polymorpha chromosomes. e Expression levels of laccase genes at three growth stages. The expression values of laccase genes at the row scale were normalized, and the values are indicated by a continuous color scheme. Yellow indicates a high expression level, and blue indicates a low expression level