Fig. 1: Protoplast cells isolated from apple callus cells cultured in MS medium for different durations.
From: Development of potent promoters that drive the efficient expression of genes in apple protoplasts
a ‘Orin’ (upper panel) and ‘Zihong’ (lower panel) apple protoplast cells under microscopy. The culture times of the apple callus cells used for protoplast isolation are shown to the right of the lower row in each panel. The scale bars represent 50 µm. b Protoplast yield of ‘Orin’ (filled columns) and ‘Zihong’ callus cells (open columns). FW fresh weight. c Average diameters (polyline) and percentage ratios of vacuolated cells (columns) in ‘Orin’ (filled symbols) and ‘Zihong’ (open symbols) protoplast cells (n ≥ 100). One-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons via Fisher’s LSD test were performed (p < 0.05). Different characters at the top of the columns indicate significant differences. Three independent experiments were conducted, and one representative result is shown
