Fig. 4

IGF-1 expression determined by immunostaining and IGF-1/PI3K/p-Akt/T-Akt protein levels determined by immunoblotting in the cortex and hippocampus. a Immunostaining of IGF-1-positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus. b Immunoblotting to determine IGF-1/PI3K/p-Akt/T-Akt protein levels in the cortex and hippocampus. c–e Quantification of the IGF-1/PI3K/p-Akt/T-Akt immunoblotting (n = 5). The values are the mean ± SD. PE, physical exercise; SHRSP, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats; WKY, Wistar Kyoto rats. Scale bar = 25 μm