Fig. 1

Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), and augmentation index adjusted for 75 beats per minute (AIx@75) measures before and after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Asterisk denotes Differences in relation to baseline values. Comparisons between groups and time were analyzed via ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Bonferroni correction. d, effect size (Cohen’s d)