Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 448 participants stratified by drinking frequency
Clinical characteristics | Drinking frequency at baseline visit | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Rare | Occasional | Daily | ||
Number | 91 | 235 | 122 | |
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age (year)* | 44 (38, 51) | 43 (39, 49) | 50 (41, 54) | <0.001 |
Male (n [%]) | 57 (62.6) | 166 (70.6) | 92 (75.4) | 0.129 |
Smoking status (n [%])* | ||||
Nonsmoker | 81 (89.0) | 183 (77.9) | 68 (55.7) | <0.001 |
Past smoker | 7 (7.7) | 33 (14.0) | 38 (31.1) | |
Current smoker | 3 (3.3) | 19 (8.1) | 16 (13.1) | |
Current treatment for | ||||
Dyslipidemia (n [%]) | 2 (2.2) | 6 (2.6) | 3 (2.5) | 0.983 |
Diabetes mellitus (n [%]) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.402 |
Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 21.5 ± 2.5 | 22.4 ± 2.9 | 22.2 ± 2.7 | 0.033 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 116 ± 11 | 117 ± 11 | 121 ± 12 | 0.008 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202 ± 30 | 203 ± 31 | 204 ± 35 | 0.893 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 69 (48, 94) | 69 (53, 100) | 70 (50, 104) | 0.484 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 0.124 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 | 0.365 |
UACR (mg/gCr)* | 29 (19, 49) | 25 (18, 49) | 36 (24, 64) | 0.001 |
Salt intake (g/day) | 8.1 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 0.106 |
Drinking frequency 1 year after the baseline visita | ||||
Rare (n [%]) | 83 (91.2) | 6 (2.6) | 1 (0.8) | |
Occasional | 8 (8.8) | 220 (93.6) | 14 (11.5) | |
Daily | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.8) | 107 (87.7) | |
Changes in salt intake and albuminuria over a 1-year period | ||||
∆Salt intake (g/day) | 0.1 ± 1.8 | 0.0 ± 2.1 | −0.4 ± 2.0 | 0.206 |
∆UACR (mg/gCr) | −1 (−12, 14) | 2 (−6, 14) | −1 (−16, 12) | 0.104 |
