Table 2 Changes in average morning SBP of patients with anxiety and without anxiety during the COVID-19 period

From: Anxiety, home blood pressure monitoring, and cardiovascular events among older hypertension patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 period

Adjusted mean (95% CI) of SBP, mmHg*

 

Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) of SBP (∆SBP), mmHg‡

The between-group difference in ∆SBP

P§

Without anxiety (GAD-7 ≤ 4)

(n = 3462)

With anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5)

(n = 262)

P*

Without anxiety (GAD-7 ≤ 4)

(n = 3462)

With anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5)

(n = 262)

Pre-epidemic period

130.9 (130.6, 131.2)

132.0 (130.9, 133.2)

0.07

    

Incubation period

131.3 (130.9, 131.6)†

132.7 (131.5, 133.9)

0.03

0.4 (0.2, 0.6)

0.6 (−0.2, 1.3)

0.2 (−0.6, 1.0)

0.58

Developing period

131.5 (131.1, 131.8)†

132.8 (131.7, 134.0)†

0.05

0.5 (0.3, 0.8)

0.7 (−0.1, 1.6)

0.2 (−0.7, 1.1)

0.65

Outbreak period

130.7 (130.4, 131.0)†

132.9 (131.7, 134.1)†

<0.001

−0.3 (−0.5, −0.02)

0.9 (−0.02, 1.8)

1.2 (0.3, 2.2)

0.01

Plateau period

130.0 (129.6, 130.3)†

132.7 (131.6, 133.9)

<0.001

−0.9 (−1.2, −0.7)

0.8 (−0.2, 1.7)

1.7 (0.7, 2.7)

<0.001

  1. The pandemic timeline of the COVID-19 in China was classified as the pre-epidemic period as the reference (October 21 to November 20, 2019), incubation period (November 21 to December 20, 2019), developing period (December 21, 2019 to January 20, 2020), outbreak period (January 21 to February 20, 2020), and plateau period (February 21 to March 21, 2020)
  2. SBP systolic blood pressure, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, CI confidence interval, GAD-7 generalized anxiety disorder scale-7
  3. *Adjusted mean (95% CI) of SBP was calculated by linear mixed model after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, and P value was compared between patients without anxiety and patients with anxiety
  4. †P < 0.05, each period of epidemic versus the pre-epidemic period (as the reference group), calculated by linear mixed model adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index.
  5. ‡Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) of SBP (∆SBP) was calculated as the change of average morning SBP from pre-epidemic period to each time period of COVID-19
  6. §P value was compared between patients with anxiety and without anxiety by linear regression model after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index
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