Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 5439 Japanese workers according to their smoking status

Men, n (%)

2189 (72)

404 (91)*

1852 (94)*

Age, yrs

36.1 ± 12.0

38.1 ± 9.7*

39.5 ± 9.9*

BMI, kg/m²

22.5 ± 3.2

22.9 ± 3.1

23.3 ± 3.3*

BMI ≥ 23 kg/m², n (%)

1183 (39)

198 (44)

1003 (51)*

Weight change during study period, kg

1.1 ± 4.1

3.1 ± 5.1*

1.4 ± 4.3*

Weight gain during study period, n (%)

815 (27)

207 (47)*

590 (30)

No. of cigarettes/days

–

16.8 ± 8.5

18.7 ± 7.8

Smoking duration, yrs

–

17.6 ± 10.4

19.9 ± 10.0

SBP, mmHg

114 ± 12

116 ± 11*

117 ± 11*

DBP, mmHg

69 ± 11

72 ± 9*

73 ± 9*

Pulse rate, beats/min

69 ± 11

73 ± 12*

73 ± 11*

Alcohol intake, n (%)

1515 (50)

288 (65)*

1207 (62)*

Regular exercise, n (%)

1017 (34)

114 (26)*

499 (25)*

Diabetes, n (%)

81 (2.7)

17 (3.8)

80 (4.1)*

HbA1c, %

5.4 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.5

5.5 ± 0.6*

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

1041 (34)

206 (46)*

1007 (51)*

Serum HDL-C, mg/dL

62 ± 14

57 ± 15*

55 ± 14*

Serum LDL-C, mg/dL

111 ± 30

115 ± 34*

117 ± 31*

Serum TG, mg/dL

116 ± 95

148 ± 114*

160 ± 133*

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

91 ± 17

93 ± 15

91 ± 15