Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for development of hypertension according to smoking status in subgroups
From: Impact of smoking status on incident hypertension in a Japanese occupational population
Current non-smokers | Quitters | Sustained smokers | P for interaction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event/n (%) | HRs | Event/n (%) | HRs (95%CI) | Event/n (%) | HRs (95%CI) | ||
Age: | |||||||
<40 yrs | 231/1905 (12) | ref | 58/257 (23) | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 274/1016 (27) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | 0.12 |
≥40 yrs | 364/1128 (32) | ref | 85/188 (45) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 383/945 (41) | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 530/2189 (24) | ref | 140/404 (35) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 639/1852 (35) | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | 0.92 |
Female | 65/844 (8) | ref | 3/41 (7) | 0.83 (0.26–2.67) | 18/109 (17) | 1.19 (0.68–2.07) | |
Overweight/obese | |||||||
BMI < 23 kg/m2 | 228/1850 (12) | ref | 58/247 (23) | 1.09 (0.82–1.47) | 209/958 (22) | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 0.69 |
BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 | 367/1183 (31) | ref | 85/198 (43) | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 448/1003 (45) | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | |
Weight gain: | |||||||
No | 457/2218 (21) | ref | 69/238 (29) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 375/1371 (27) | 1.37 (1.20–1.56) | 0.15 |
Yes | 138/815 (17) | ref | 74/207 (36) | 1.28 (0.95–1.72) | 282/590 (48) | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | |
Blood pressure | |||||||
<130/80 mmHg | 202/2206 (9) | ref | 60/299 (20) | 1.34 (0.99–1.80) | 267/1244 (21) | 1.62 (1.34–1.96) | <0.01 |
≥130/80 mmHg | 393/827 (48) | ref | 83/146 (57) | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 390/717 (54) | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | |
Regular exercise | |||||||
No | 400/2016 (20) | ref | 102/331 (31) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 476/1462 (33) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.08 |
Yes | 195/1017 (19) | ref | 41/114 (36) | 1.31 (0.93–1.85) | 181/499 (36) | 1.54 (1.26–1.90) | |
Alcohol intake | |||||||
No | 215/1516 (14) | ref | 49/157 (31) | 1.39 (1.01–1.90) | 216/751 (29) | 1.40 (1.15–1.71) | 0.49 |
Yes | 379/1515 (25) | ref | 94/288 (33) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 439/1207 (36) | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||||||
No | 269/1992 (13) | ref | 47/239 (20) | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | 237/954 (25) | 1.27 (1.06–1.52) | 0.96 |
Yes | 326/1041 (31) | ref | 96/206 (47) | 1.16 (0.93–1.46) | 420/1007 (42) | 1.37 (1.18–1.58) | |
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 555/2951 (19) | ref | 133/428 (31) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 627/1881 (33) | 1.40 (1.24–1.57) | <0.01 |
Yes | 39/81 (48) | ref | 10/17 (59) | 0.70 (0.34–1.43) | 30/80 (38) | 0.60 (0.36–0.98) | |
