Table 1 Clinical characteristics
Variables | Total | Low HR (HR < 70 bpm) | Medium HR (70 ≤ HR < 80 bpm) | High HR (HR ≥ 80 bpm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1611 | 1056 | 358 | 197 |
Age, years | 54 ± 12 | 55 ± 12 | 52 ± 12* | 49 ± 12*☨ |
Male sex, n (%) | 1337 (83.0) | 878 (83.1) | 296 (82.9) | 163 (82.7) |
BMI (kg/m) | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 25.8 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 5.0* | 29.3 ± 5.5*☨ |
SBP (mm Hg) | 127.2 ± 15.2 | 125.5 ± 14.8 | 128.9 ± 15.1* | 133.3 ± 16.0*☨ |
DBP (mm Hg) | 76.2 ± 10.7 | 75.2 ± 10.0 | 78.7 ± 10.9* | 80.8 ± 11.3*☨ |
MBP (mm Hg) | 92.9 ± 11.7 | 91.2 ± 11.0 | 94.8 ± 12.2* | 98.2 ± 12.2*☨ |
Heart rate (bpm) | 66.4 ± 10.4 | 60.3 ± 5.6 | 73.6 ± 2.9* | 85.9 ± 5.5*☨ |
AHI (n/h) | 38.7 ± 23.3 | 35.4 ± 21.0 | 42.3 ± 24.3* | 50.0 ± 28.4*☨ |
baPWV (cm/s) | 1482.1 ± 281.9 | 1466.4 ± 280.0 | 1509.5 ± 290.9* | 1516.3 ± 269.9*☨ |
Smoker, n (%) | 467 (29.0) | 297 (28.1) | 110 (30.8) | 60 (30.5) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 791 (49.1) | 496 (47.0) | 177 (49.6) | 118 (60.0) *☨ |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1055 (65.5) | 665 (63.0) | 246 (68.9) | 144 (73.1) * |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 276 (17.1) | 149 (14.1) | 66 (18.5) * | 61 (31.0) *☨ |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 52.0 ± 14.9 | 52.8 ± 15.7 | 50.6 ± 12.7* | 50.2 ± 13.5* |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 119.5 ± 30.0 | 119.5 ± 29.6 | 119.4 ± 29.7 | 119.4 ± 32.6 |
TG (mg/dl) | 161.7 ± 99.2 | 152.5 ± 89.7 | 176.2 ± 115.7* | 184.4 ± 108.9* |
HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 1.1* | 6.4 ± 1.4*☨ |
Cr (mg/dl) | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 0.79 ± 0.22 | 0.78 ± 0.20 |
Anti-hypertensive medications | ||||
α-blockers, n (%) | 34 (2.1) | 22 (2.1) | 8 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) |
ACE-Is, n (%) | 40 (2.5) | 23 (2.1) | 10 (2.8) | 7 (3.6) |
ARBs, n (%) | 382 (23.7) | 244 (23.1) | 88 (24.6) | 50 (25.3) |
CCBs, n (%) | 434 (26.9) | 286 (27.1) | 90 (25.2) | 58 (29.4) |
Diuretics, n (%) | 105 (6.5) | 68 (6.4) | 25 (7.0) | 12 (6.1) |
Anti-diabetic medications, n (%) | 132 (8.2) | 73 (6.9) | 36 (10.0)* | 23 (11.7)* |
Anti-dyslipidemic medications, n (%) | 312 (19.4) | 200 (18.9) | 72 (20.2) | 40 (20.3) |
