Fig. 3: 1-year projected cumulative national healthcare out-of-pocket costs of guideline-recommended ED treatments among medicare fee-for-service eligible men.

ED erectile dysfunction, ESWT extracorporeal shock wave therapy, IA intraurethral alprostadil, ICI intracavernosal injection, IPP inflatable penile prosthesis, PDE5i phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, VED vacuum erection device. Note: IPP and VED are one-time costs and do not incur repeat, annual expense to patients.