Table 1 AUA guideline-recommended treatment options for erectile dysfunction [7].

Treatment Option	AUA recommendation	Cost analysis
Treatment Option	AUA recommendation	Methodology	Unit	Cost input source
PDE5i	Strong	Out-of-pocket cost without coverage by Medicare Part D	Annual prescription	GoodRx® (sildenafil, Viagra, tadalafil, Cialis, vardenafil, Levitra, avanafil, Stendra) [14]
IPP	Strong	Annual Medicare outpatient copayment cap for 2023	One procedure	CMS 2023 (CPT 54405) [12]
VED	Moderate	Out-of-pocket cost without Medicare coverage	One unit	DHHS 2013 and BLS 2023 [18, 19]
ICI	Moderate	Out-of-pocket cost without coverage by Medicare Part D	Annual prescription	GoodRx® (Caverject and Edex) [14]
IA	Conditional	Out-of-pocket cost without coverage by Medicare Part D	Annual prescription	GoodRx® (MUSE) [14]
ESWT	Conditional (Investigational)	Out-of-pocket cost without Medicare coverage	One treatment course^a	Weinberger 2022 [13]

AUA American Urological Association, BLS US Bureau of Labor Statistics, CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, CPT Current Procedural Terminology, DHHS US Department of Health and Human Services, ESWT extracorporeal shock wave therapy, IA intraurethral alprostadil, ICI intracavernosal injection, IPP inflatable penile prosthesis, PDE5i phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, VED vacuum erection device.
^aOne treatment course = average of six sessions.

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