Fig. 3

Verification of the instantaneous FR. Plot of \(\rm {ln}\,[P(p)/P(-p)]\) vs. p for two packing fractions a ϕ = 0.7 and, b ϕ = 0.9. The solid lines are linear fits of slope β _e  = τ/T _e of the data for different shear rates. The slope decreases by increasing the shear rate \(\dot{\gamma }\), implying that the effective temperature T _e increases by \(\dot{\gamma }\). The slope has a weak dependence on \(\dot{\gamma }\) in the jammed state. For n ⁺ and n ⁻ representing number of positive (+p) and negative (−p) cases, the corresponding error bar of P(p)/P(−p) is equal to (1/n ⁺+1/n ⁻)^1/2