Table 1 Description of the different data sets that the present study combines including summary statistics

From: Reduced ultrafine particle levels in São Paulo’s atmosphere during shifts from gasoline to ethanol use

Variable and unit of measurement (and method, if relevant)

Data Source

Full sample perioda

Sampling sites

Data frequency

No. of obser-vations

Mean

Std. Dev.

Min.

Max.

Particle pollution variable

PM2.5 mass concentration, 24-h filter (µg m−3)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

Threeb

24-h

727

16.39

9.91

1.00

68.00

PM2.5 mass concentration, beta continuous (µg m−3)

CETESB

1/2011–5/2013

Threec

1-h

43,571

20.44

14.94

0.00

160.00

Black carbon (BC) mass concentration, MAAP (µg m−3)

Own

10/2010–4/2011d

One (USP)

1-h

6,152

3.23

2.69

0.06

15.67

Ultrafine particle number concentration (UFP) 7–100 nm, DMPS (cm−3)

Own

10/2010–9/2011

One (USP)e

1-h

6,454

14,561

6,384

1,339

56,019

PM 100–800 nm number concentration, DMPS (cm−3)

Own

10/2010–9/2011

One (USP)e

1-h

6,454

3,161

2,900

86

22,291

Fuel mix variables (light vehicles and motorcycles)

Ratio of ethanol-to-gasoline regular-grade prices per litre (%)

ANP (at the pump)

11/2008–5/2013

Median SPMAf

Daily

1,673

0.64

0.07

0.49

0.85

Gasoline share in the flex-fuel light-vehicle fleet (%)

Salvo-Huse (2013)

11/2008–5/2013

Estimatedg

Daily

1,673

0.35

0.14

0.11

0.76

Ethanol share in the flex-fuel light-vehicle fleet (%)

Salvo-Huse (2013)

11/2008–5/2013

Estimatedg

Daily

1,673

0.65

0.14

0.89

0.24

Gasoline share among all gasoline and ethanol consumers (%)

ANP (wholesalers)

11/2008–5/2013

SP stateh

Monthly

55

0.63

0.09

0.51

0.82

Ethanol share among all gasoline and ethanol consumers (%)

ANP (wholesalers)

11/2008–5/2013

SP stateh

Monthly

55

0.37

0.09

0.49

0.18

Control variables

Solar radiation (W m−2)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

Mean SPMAf

1-h

40,112

175.73

257.95

0.00

1280.40

Ground temperature (oC)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

Mean SPMAf

1-h

40,144

20.77

4.84

5.53

38.40

Relative humidity (%)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

Mean SPMAf

1-h

40,013

77.28

17.73

12.30

98.90

Wind speed (m s−1)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

Mean SPMAf

1-h

40,145

1.37

0.76

0.00

4.36

Wind blows from North–East (yes = 1)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf,i

1-h

155,308

0.15

0.35

0.00

1.00

Wind blows from South–East (yes = 1)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf,i

1-h

155,308

0.41

0.49

0.00

1.00

Wind blows from South–West (yes = 1)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf,i

1-h

155,308

0.10

0.30

0.00

1.00

Wind blows from North–West (yes = 1)

CETESB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf,i

1-h

155,308

0.17

0.38

0.00

1.00

Precipitation (mm h−1)

INMET

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf

1-h

40,085

0.21

1.57

0.00

58.40

Thermal inversion at 09:00 with base of layer 0–199 m (yes = 1)

FAB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf

Daily

1,671

0.08

0.27

0.00

1.00

Thermal inversion at 09:00 with base of layer 200–499 m (yes = 1)

FAB

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf

Daily

1,671

0.26

0.44

0.00

1.00

Road congestion at the citywide level (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

24.65

36.57

0.00

294.66

Road congestion in the North region of SP city (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

0.65

1.56

0.00

21.59

Road congestion in the East region of SP city (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

6.23

10.03

0.00

99.51

Road congestion in the South region of SP city (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

5.15

8.44

0.00

77.55

Road congestion in the West region of SP city (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

5.50

9.19

0.00

89.76

Road congestion in the Center region of SP city (km)

CET

11/2008–5/2013

SP cityh

1-h

40,152

7.11

11.03

0.00

81.35

Number of aircraft departing from Congonhas airport (h−1)

ANAC

11/2008–5/2013

CGN airportj

1-h

40,140

9.03

6.43

0.00

32.00

Number of aircraft landing at Congonhas airport (h−1)

ANAC

11/2008–5/2013

CGN airportj

1-h

40,140

9.01

6.51

0.00

29.00

Diesel prices and usage (heavy vehicles)

Diesel real price index (October 2008 = 100, IPCA)

IBGE

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf

Monthly

55

86.06

6.36

78.25

100.85

Ridership on diesel buses in the public transport system (×106 day−1)

SPTrans

11/2008–5/2013

SPMAf

Monthly

55

7.96

0.44

6.78

8.65

  1. aSamples described here include the colder months of June to September and all days of the week
  2. bCerqueira César, Ibirapuera and Pinheiros air monitoring sites
  3. cCongonhas, Pinheiros and University of São Paulo/IPEN air monitoring sites
  4. dSampling additionally occurred during 8–11/2012
  5. eDMPS data validated against an independent CPC operated concurrently
  6. fSPMA denotes São Paulo Metropolitan Area (São Paulo metropolis)
  7. gEstimated using actual consumer choices at varying prices
  8. hSP denotes São Paulo
  9. iWind monitors at Ibirapuera, Osasco, Pinheiros and Santana stations
  10. jCGN denotes Congonhas. See Methods for the data sources beyond the acronyms provided here
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