Fig. 2

Effect of early-life microbiota disruption on juvenile and adult bacterial diversity and community membership. a–c Mean alpha Faith’s bacterial diversity (phylogenetic diversity metric) across water treatments for samples from a juvenile guts (GLM, χ ² = 62.99, df = 3, P < 0.0001), b juvenile skin (χ ² = 49.96, df = 3, P < 0.0001), and c adult guts (GLMM, χ ² = 13.86, df = 3, P = 0.003). Error bars indicate the s.e.m. Numbers above the tick marks on the x-axis are the number of replicates (tanks) per treatment, and treatments that do not share letters above the error bars are significantly different based on a sequential Bonferroni post hoc multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). d–f Effect of water treatment on bacterial community membership from d juvenile guts (PERMANOVA, F _3,35 = 2.43, P = 0.001), (e) juvenile skin (F _3,37 = 2.35, P = 0.001), and f adult guts (F _3,76 = 1.42, P = 0.001). Principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) were based on unweighted UniFrac scores. Vector A represents the direction and strength of the correlation between water treatment and relative abundance of phylum Fusobacteria and the circles represent a unit circle (radius = 1) to indicate the direction and correlational strength of vector A. For all panels, different shapes (antibiotic exposure) and colors (water treatment exposure) represent the different water treatments: pond water (green circles), sterile pond water only (orange circles), sterile pond water and short-term antibiotic water (orange diamonds), and sterile pond water and long-term antibiotic water (orange triangles)