Fig. 1

Unified modelling of dynamics on and of networks. Our modelling framework simultaneously describes: a Arbitrary dynamics taking place on networks, represented as a sequence of arbitrary tokens that are associated with nodes, in this example {x _t } = ‘It-was the best of times’. b Dynamics of networks themselves, where the tokens are node-pair edges that appear in sequence, in this example {x _t } = {(1, 2), (4, 3), (5, 2), (10, 8), (7, 2), (9, 3), (3, 4)}