Fig. 4

Time evolution for broad-pulse irradiation. Comparison of the Floquet chiral spin model (Eq. (3)) and the exact time evolution of the 12-site U = 30 Kagome Hubbard model (Eq. (1)) driven by circularly polarized light with ultra-slow adiabatic pump envelopes a. The scalar spin chiralities \({\chi _{ijk}} = \left\langle {{{\bf{S}}_i} \cdot \left( {{{\bf{S}}_j} \times {{\bf{S}}_k}} \right)} \right\rangle\) on elementary triangles of the unit cell b are depicted in c, d. c depicts χ _ijk (t) measured from exact time evolution and averaged over the pump plateau; d depicts corresponding static expectation values of the Floquet spin model with Heisenberg and chiral couplings chosen as a function of A, Ω