Table 1 Comprehensive overview of carbon-based anode materials in LIBs

Electrode	Reversible capacity (mAh g⁻¹)	Discharge rate (mA g⁻¹ or C)	Loading density	Reference
HsGDY	1050	100	0.1–0.11 mg cm⁻²(1.43 g cm⁻³)	This work
HsGDY	700	1000	0.1–0.11 mg cm⁻² (1.43 g cm⁻³)	This work
NG	360	15	—	ref. ⁴⁴
CNT	200	400	0.025 mg cm⁻²	ref. ⁴⁵
Graphene	460	1 C	—	ref. ⁴⁶
N-graphene	872	50	20.8–24.2 mg cm⁻³	ref. ⁴⁷
B-graphene	700	500	20.8–24.2 mg cm⁻³	ref. ⁴⁷
N-CNF	1280	100	—	ref. ⁴⁸
N-CNT	516	200	0.796 mg cm⁻²	ref. ⁴⁹
PAA	995 (1st cycle)	100	—	ref. ⁵⁰
CLP	619	100	—	ref. ⁵¹
MCOF	74	2.4 C	0.69 mg cm⁻²	ref. ⁵²

B-graphene B-doped graphene, CLP conjugated ladder polymers, CNT carbon nanotube, MCOF mesoporous covalent organic framework, N-CNF N-doped porous carbon nanofiber, N-CNT N-doped core-sheath carbon nanotube, NG natural graphite, N-graphene N-doped graphene, PAA polyazaacene analog

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