Fig. 10
From: Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase governs cysteine polysulfidation and mitochondrial bioenergetics
CARS-mediated protein polysulfidation and mitochondrial functions. a The physiological relevance of co-translational protein polysulfidation that is reversibly regulated by various post-translational modifications, including depolysulfidation. b A CysS–(S) n –H regulation mechanism for mitochondrial functions with regard to mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics. CysSSH is reductively metabolized to CysSH and HS−, which may be oxidized by sulfide:quinone reductase (SQR) and other enzymes, e.g., sulfur dioxygenase (SD) and sulfur transferase (ST), in a manner linked to ETC in mitochondria. The CysS–(S) n –H-dependent HS− metabolism may be coupled with formation of the iron-sulfur clusters, as being controlled by the mitochondrial ETC. I, II, III, and IV: complexes I, II, III, and IV; TCA tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle
