Fig. 4
From: Field enhancement of electronic conductance at ferroelectric domain walls
Domain nucleus and polarization-twist structure with non-zero curl. Phase-field simulated polarization vector plots, for the (x–y) plane at the surface are shown in a, b, d, e for the case when a voltage of V = 1.5 V is applied to the tip, for two different tip locations. The curl of polarization \(\left( {\nabla \times {\bf{P}} = \left( {\frac{{\partial {P_y}}}{{\partial x}} - \frac{{\partial {P_x}}}{{\partial y}}} \right)\hat {\bf{k}}} \right)\) is also plotted c, f for each case. a–c Corresponds to the tip located within the domain (tip 1 in Fig. 3), whereas d–f corresponds to the situation where the tip is adjacent to the domain wall (tip 3 in Fig. 3)
