Fig. 2
From: Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data
Putative causal associations between seven modifiable risk factors and common diseases. Shown are the results from GSMR analyses with disease data a from a meta-analysis of two community-based studies (GERA and UKB) and b from published independent case–control studies. Colors represent the effect sizes (as measured by odds ratios, ORs) of risk factors on diseases, red for risk effects and blue for protective effects. The significant effects after correcting for 231 tests (PGSMR < 2.2 × 10−4) are labeled with ORs (P-values). The nominally significant effects (PGSMR < 0.05) are labeled with “*”
