Fig. 4
From: Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data
GSMR analysis to test for the effect of LDL-c on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with and without pleiotropic outliers. Shown in a and b are the plots of effect sizes and association P-values of the original set of instruments from GWAS for LDL-c vs. those for AD. Shown in c is the plot of b xy vs. GWAS P-value of LDL-c at each genetic variant. Shown in d, e, and f are the plots for the instruments after the pleiotropic outliers being removed by the HEIDI-outlier approach (see Methods for details of the HEIDI-outlier approach). Error bars in a and d represent the standard errors. The dashed lines in b and e represent the GWAS threshold P-value of 5 × 10−8. The coordinates in b, c, e, and f are truncated at 50 for better graphic presentation
