Fig. 4

Current maps for standard and G-IV methods. After reconstruction of the current at every pixel, it is possible to visualize the results of the G-IV acquisition in the same manner for the standard IV measurement. Shown in a–d are voltage slices (taken at both negative and positive extremes) for the forward (a, b) and reverse (c, d) voltage directions. The maps of current from the standard IV measurement, in the same region, are shown in e, f for e negative and f positive voltages. In general, there is a good agreement; however, exact correspondence is not expected, due to the detection of ferroelectric switching current in the G-IV method (absent in the standard IV measurement)