Fig. 3
From: Southern Ocean warming and Wilkes Land ice sheet retreat during the mid-Miocene
Southern high-latitude Miocene temperature and pCO2 change. a Deep-sea benthic foraminifer oxygen isotope record from ODP Sites 588, 926, 929, 1090 (see ref. 12), and IODP Site U133711; b atmospheric pCO2 reconstructions11,12,13,14,15,16,17. Error bars represent uncertainties in underlying assumptions of each proxy; c bottom-water (BWT) and surface-water temperature (SST) reconstructions from Site 1171 South Tasman Rise9 (Mg/Ca, calibration error ±3 °C), seawater temperature (SWT) for Ross Sea AND-2A21 and Wilkes Land Site U1356 (\({\mathrm{TEX}}_{86}^{\mathrm{L}}\), calibration error ±4 °C); d mean annual continental temperature (MAT) reconstructions for the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean based on inorganic53 and organic geochemistry from Wilkes Land (calibration errors ±4 °C and ±5 °C, respectively) and macroflora remains (Veg.) from Palaeolake Manuherikia28 in New Zealand (calibration error ±5 °C)
