Fig. 1

The effects of ZIKV infection on IL-1β production and secretion. a IL-1β levels in the sera of patients (n = 11) and healthy individuals (n = 13) was determined by ELISA. Data shown are means ± s.e.m; *P < 0.05 (two-tailed Student's t-test). b, c Six-week-old A129 mice (n = 7; 4 males and 3 females) were infected with ZIKV (5 × 10⁵ PFU) for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. Viral titers in the blood were determined by RT-PCR (b). IL-1β levels in the sera were determined by ELISA (c). Data shown are whiskers: min.–max.; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test). d–g PBMCs isolated from healthy individuals were treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) for 6 h or 2 μM Nigericin for 2 h or infected with ZIKV at an MOI = 1 for 24, 36, or 48 h or for 48 h at an MOI = 0.1, 0.5, or 1. IL-1β and GAPDH mRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR (d, f). IL-1β levels were determined by ELISA (e and g). h–m THP-1 macrophages were treated with 2 μM Nigericin for 2 h, infected with ZIKV at an MOI = 1 for 24, 36, and 48 h or for 48 h at an MOI = 0.1, 0.5, and 1. IL-1β and GAPDH mRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR (h, j). IL-1β levels were determined by ELISA (i, k). Mature IL-1β (p17) and cleaved Casp-1 (p22/p20) in supernatants or pro-IL-1β and pro-Casp-1 in lysates were determined by western blot (l, m). n, o BMDCs prepared from C57BL/6 mice bone marrow were stimulated by LPS (1 µg/ml) for 6 h or 2 μM Nigericin for 30 min or infected with ZIKV for 48 h at an MOI = 0.1, 0.5, and 1. Pro-IL-1β and GAPDH mRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR (n). IL-1β levels in supernatants were determined by ELISA (o). The number of replicates is two (e, g, i, k, o). The number of replicates is three (d, f, h, j, n). Data shown are means ± s.e.m.; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001. ns, no significance (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test)