Fig. 5

Fraction of reinforcing traits (C_RI) is no greater than that of reversing traits (C_RV) in adaptations even when the total change exceeds a preset cutoff. Traits satisfying |L_a – L_o| > 0.2L_o, |L_p – L_o| > 0.2L_o, and |L_a – L_p| > 0.2L_o are classified into reinforcing and reversing traits based on whether the genetic and plastic changes are of the same direction or opposite directions. a Fractions of genes with reinforcing and reversing expression changes, respectively, in experimental evolution. Organisms as well as the new environments to which the organisms were adapting to are indicated. Each bar represents an adaptation. b Fractions of reactions with predicted reinforcing and reversing flux changes, respectively, in E. coli’s adaptations to 50 new environments from the glucose environment. In both panels, the equality in the fraction of reinforcing and reversing reactions is tested by a two-tailed binomial test. When C_RV > C_RI, P-values are indicated as follows: *P < 0.05; **P < 10⁻¹⁰; ***P < 10⁻¹⁰⁰; when C_RV < C_RI, P-values are indicated as follows: ^oP < 0.05; ^ooP < 10⁻¹⁰; ^oooP < 10⁻¹⁰⁰