Fig. 3
From: Regulation of REM and Non-REM Sleep by Periaqueductal GABAergic Neurons
Firing rates of identified vlPAG GABAergic neurons across brain states. a Example unit. Left, raw trace showing spontaneous and laser-evoked spikes. Blue ticks, laser pulses (15 Hz). Scale bars, 100 ms, 0.5 mV. Middle, comparison between laser-evoked (blue) and averaged spontaneous (red) spike waveforms from this unit. Scale bars, 0.2 ms, 0.5 mV. Right, Spike raster showing multiple trials of laser stimulation at 30 Hz. Scale bar, 100 ms. b Firing rates of an example vlPAG GABAergic neuron (blue) along with EEG spectrogram, EMG amplitude, and color-coded brain state (scale bar, 120 s). Two example EEG raw traces (indicated by gray boxes) are shown on top of the EEG spectrogram (scale bars, 1 s, 0.5 mV). The timing of single spikes (vertical ticks) is depicted on an expanded timescale (indicated by black box) along with EEG, EMG raw traces (scale bars, 10 s, 0.5 mV). c Firing rate modulation of 19 identified units from 6 mice. W wake, R REM, N NREM. Blue, significant REM-off neurons (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, post-hoc Bonferroni correction); red, significant REM-on neurons; gray, other neurons. d Firing rates of significant REM-off (left) and REM-on (red) neurons during different brain states. Each line shows firing rates of one unit; gray bar, average across units. e Average EEG spectrogram (upper, normalized by the mean power in each frequency band) and mean firing rate (z-scored) of significant REM-off neurons (lower) at brain state transitions. Shading, ±s.e.m. f Firing rates during NREM episodes preceding wake were significantly higher than those preceding REM episodes (P = 0.0001, T(8) = −7.03, paired t-test)
